Context
Letter from France
John Taylor
Recently I sat “beneath the cupola”—as one
says—of the Institut de France and listened to the novelist Florence
Delay (b. 1941) speak about a new word, convivance (the art of
“living together”), that the French Academy had just introduced into
the French language. In no language, of course, do words need birth
certificates before being adopted by ten, ten thousand, or ten million
people; neologisms emerge variously; they are used every day or just
once in a while; some survive, many disappear. Yet it is one of the
quaint charms of French life that a select “company” of academicians
(now including Delay) persists in bestowing linguistic citizenship on
certain newborn words, while refusing to open borders to others, little
matter how widely the latter are already employed. Some writers chuckle
at this tradition, and I too have done so on occasion, but upon second
thought, it seems to me foolhardy to dismiss out of hand this
meticulous lexicographic scrutiny, especially now that the spirited
Delay is involved. At any rate, convivance represented a different kind of word from those normally examined by
the Academy. The term did not exist in everyday parlance. Delay and her
colleagues were seeking an equivalent for words already existing in
Italian (convivenza) and Spanish (convivencia) and not exactly meaning “conviviality,” for which a French cognate already existed: convivialité. Delay
movingly argued for the very notion of convivance, which she traced
back to nearly eight centuries of Spanish history, beginning in 711,
when the Spanish peninsula was conquered by
Arabs and Berbers, and concluding in 1492, with the end of the
“Reconquest.” During this period, Jews, Muslims, and Christians
sometimes, and in some places, managed to live more or less
harmoniously together. They practiced convivencia. In her lecture, Delay pleaded for a timely neologism that might prod us into thinking about the stark contemporary lack of convivance. Ever
since Delay was elected to the Academy in 2000, I think differently of
that hallowed institution, which Julien Gracq once notoriously
compared to Buckingham Palace, his point being that you could look on
with serene amusement at national folklore without becoming a candidate
for the horse guards. In an interview given to Le Monde, Delay
expressed the wish that her election to the Academy would
attract other authentic writers to a group too often made up of
mediocre novelists, sententious politicians, and old fogies. There are
exceptions to this rule, like Alain RobbeGrillet, with whose recent
election, however, Delay had nothing to do. Her entry into
the Academy is above all arresting in that her invigorating fiction
represents an original bridge between the classical heritage, and most
experimental propensities, of contemporary French literature. She
produces witty and obliquely suspenseful novels, all the
while employing various modernist and postmodernist tricks picked up
here and there, often from across the Pyrenees; as her remarks about convivencia suggest, she has also long professed, and professed her
love of, Spanish literature. She has dabbled in multifarious periods
and genres of writing, offering stageable versions of Caldéron’s plays,
producing (with Jacques Roubaud) Graal Théâtre based on
medieval legends, translating the Book of John for the “Bayard Bible”
(to which several other worthy French writers and poets contributed
translations), digressing into Nerval’s Les Faux Saulniers (because she needed to elucidate that long story in order to write about her own writer-father in Dit Nerval, 1999), penning a novel about the Basque resistance movement (Etxemendi, 1990), veering off into the sixteenth century to pick up the little-known poet Étienne Jodelle for a lively portrait (L’Insuccès de la fête, 1980), discursing brilliantly on short prose (though she has rarely written any) in Petites formes en prose après Edison (1987)—and I’ll stop there. Her latest novel, Trois désobéissances,
is set in both Paris and Lima. Narrators crisscross, as Delay shrewdly
shifts from first-person to third-person forms, from direct to
indirect discourse, from ironic authorial intervention to stream of
consciousness. Her hallmark has long been a fascinating combination of
inventiveness and homage-paying “imitation.” In this novel, the
heroine is the engaging Mme d’Arzola who (as the story opens) has just
become the widow of Nestor, her Peruvian husband, from whom she has
lived in amicable separation for years. As in all of Delay’s writings,
pure chance and bizarre coincidence drive a constantly surprising plot
forward, the “events linking up as in a film that [Mme d’Arzola] had
not edited.” The title alludes to the Old Testament story of
Jonas as well as to other forms of “disobedience,” notably a rebellious
horse which throws Nestor to his death and a disobedient computer which
causes one of Mme d’Arzola’s lovers, a rather pompous professor, to
take a taxi all over Paris in the hopes of finding a spare part. In
vivid contemporary settings, Delay reinterprets Biblical themes such
as fidelity, trustworthiness, and honesty. In diverse ways, she asks
what we secretly “obey” and what thus draws our everyday lives
forward. Do we obey impulses? Habits? A sense of duty? Memories? Some
outside authority? Some ineffable quest? The author’s replies are
characteristically allusive and multiple, and the reader emerges from
this novel with the certitude that the world—both inside and outside
the mind, or the body—is more uncertain and complex than he or she had
imagined. By the way, in Delay this certitude is not tragic; it simply
dizzies. Vertigo, in fact, recurs as a leitmotif of Trois désobéissances,
as do lost suitcases and silky black Native-American hair. Typically,
Delay also tosses in funny bits of carefully researched erudition.
One character, for instance, is named Jérémie Benoliel. He is a medical
doctor, specialized in dizziness, who is trying to learn Biblical
Hebrew (which ties him to Jonas, of course). Before leaving for Peru to
attend to her estranged husband’s death, Mme d’Arzola has an
appointment with Benoliel because of her dizzy spells. She finds the
physician rather appealing, and the attraction is mutual. Later we
find a discouraged Benoliel, left behind in Paris, musing about the
scandalous philosopher Julien Offroy de La Mettrie (1709-1751). “At my
age,” groans Benoliel, “La Mettrie was dead. He was only thirty when he
published his Treatise on Dizziness, with a Description of Hysterical Catalepsy. And just before dying, at forty-two, he produced an Art of Sexual Pleasure.
Now there’s a guy who knew how to live . . . He would throw his wig on
the floor when he was hot. He downed an entire loaf of pheasant pâté
all by himself, and even as he was dying of indigestion, he knew he
was a free man.” The budding Benoliel-d’Arzola liaison is only the
first of several haphazard attractions that bring heterogeneous
characters into a tangled web of intimacy: or should one say, amorous convivance? Because Louis-Combet mixes mystical and sexual themes (including
incest and psychological hermaphroditism), invokes ancient myths and
transgressive primitive rituals, examines Christian values with
devastating seriousness, and deploys “extreme characters,” his deeply
provocative (yet stylistically classical, strangely gentle-toned)
fictions have incited many French critics to call him the direct
inheritor of Pierre Klossowski and Georges Bataille. Exemplary of
Louis-Combet’s approach is “Crucifixa,” a story from Transfigurations (2002), wherein a famous striptease artist meticulously prepares for
the final performance of her career. “What she offered,” notes the
author, “in her most sensual, primitive, uncivilized and, from the
standpoint of normal aesthetics, distasteful acts slipped over the
brink—and she could take you with her—into the abysms of the sacred.”
This increasingly gripping story is striking, while several others by
Louis-Combet may shock even readers used to extreme literary visions.
In the title story of Augias et autres infamies (1993), for
instance, a doctor’s scatological research is based on analyzing his
own mother’s feces. Eventually inventing a pump, he empties her out
completely, until she is reduced to a “sausage weakly moaning from
amidst the overall putrefaction of her being.” In “Madeleine au sang”
(from Transfigurations), a nun uses a crucifix to pierce her
hymen and willingly kills herself by continuing to pull it up into her.
In “Passion de Maure et Timothée,” a story set during
Diocletian’s reign, two chaste Christian lovers are crucified, naked,
face to face, just out of reach of each other. Such climactic
scenes are methodically constructed by Louis-Combet, through the
unfolding of otherwise uneventful plots. As excruciating ultimate
emblems, they can be as horrific and nauseating as any of those filling
out Sade’s renowned opuses. Yet unlike the devastating logic by which
Sade so exhaustively concentrates on the physical that boudoir scenes
necessarily become “philosophical”—after a sort of tabula rasa has been
made of all conceivably redeeming values—Louis-Combet’s painstakingly
wrought metaphors are accompanied by haunting spiritual laments rising
above the verbal notes played so mellifluously on the novelist’s
“double keyboard of sensuality and spirituality,” as he phrases it in L’Homme du texte (2002). Never neglecting the sacred, Louis-Combet conjures up doomed
characters who have no other choice than to proceed ever further down a
path of no return, a path which nonetheless promises a definitive
experience of ecstatic sex, or ecstatic death, and often both. In these
climaxes, reminiscent of European Romantic literature at its most
exalted, the “painful dualities of life (inside and outside, the
self and the other, the past and the future),” as the novelist puts it
in Tsé-Tsé (1972), are suddenly united in a single human
being. It is worth keeping in mind that a certai kind of contemporary
French writing is by no means as devoid of a Romantic heritage as some
critics—perhaps overestimating the influence of Flaubertian acerbity,
Mallarméan conceptual purity, or Proustian intimism—regularly opine. An
ardent post-Romantic, Louis-Combet aptly describes his own prose as
“lyrical poetry, or rather the assembling of material from which a
lyrical poem could be composed, were a poet at hand.” His
best-known novel in fact revives the Austrian expressionist poet, Georg
Trakl (1887-1914). I can think of only a few other French novels from
the 1990s that have been recommended to me as often, by my French
writer-friends, as Blesse, ronce noire (1995). The
well-documented incestuous relationship between Trakl and his sister,
Margarete, of course provided a perfect topic for Louis-Combet, who
borrowed his vivid title from the poet’s prose text “Revelation and
Downfall.” In that text, the poet, drinking wine in a
deserted inn, imagines his dying “sister’s pallid form emerging from
putrefying blueness.” She gives him a sexually explicit order:
“Pierce, black bramble thorn.” Taking off from this and other allusions
in Trakl’s writings, as well as from photographs, Louis-Combet
associates the two siblings’ unappeasable, guilt-ridden passion with
the very core of the poet’s creativity. As throughout Louis-Combet’s
oeuvre, this absorbing novel raises a redoubtable dual question: What
is mind and what is flesh? Louis-Combet’s books emphasize that it is
the second half of the equation—what exactly is flesh?—that is the most
complex and difficult to answer. Not surprisingly, the
author first roots these questions in the psychoanalytical structures
of childhood. In his postface to the 2003 Corti reissue of Tsé-Tsé,
a novel in which a mother slowly but surely “sucks up” her baby until
he is completely “absorbed,” Louis-Combet describes his early writing
as having “no other motivation than that of scrutinizing the
development of spiritual unhappiness: the dulling, suffocation and
withering away of a child’s soul.” This soul-destroying process is further examined in his outstanding intellectual autobiography, Le Recours au mythe (1998). It is surely one of the most thorough attempts ever made to
unearth the cryptic autobiographical depths of writings that are
blatantly fictional, symbolic, indeed “anti-autobiographical.” Though
hardly from a fact-filled, sociological vantage point, Louis-Combet
reconsiders his impoverished childhood in Lyon, the early death of his
father (when the child was only five years old), and his formative
years with his mother (with her loose morals) and his maternal
grandmother (who was a devout Catholic). Their convivance was
problematical, to say the least. He relates his years as a boarder in
Catholic schools, and pays homage to teachers who influenced him,
notably the philosopher Henri Maldiney (whose commentaries on the poet
Francis Ponge, incidentally, are well worth looking up). Calling himself “the narrator” in Le Recours au mythe,
Louis-Combet speaks of himself in the third person and then seeks to
go back even further than childhood recollections. Invoking the
gruesome mythical archetypes backdropping human lives, he describes
his writerly approach in these terms: “The narrator has often used the
expression ‘from the beginning’ as if it were magical, for he has
always taken care, metaphysically, to link . . . the story that he is
telling . . . to an extreme limit where all memory is abolished.”
Louis-Combet’s “repugnant”—his word—fictional tales take on unexpected
dimensions of significance when this unusual narrative perspective is
taken into account. Desiring to surpass even the universal particulars
of any individual memory (Proust’s deep insight that we all, in one
way or another, taste the crumb of madeleine soaked in a decoction of
lime flowers), he attempts to attain a level “below”—his term is “en
deça”—all specific memories of events definable in human time. He has
“few anecdotes to tell . . . nothing figurative,” he confesses,
but keeps his eye trained on “infinitely anterior situations,” “archaic
and archetypal acts.” It is with this mythopoetic backdrop in mind
that his highly disturbing tales must be read. Gailly is a master of what might be called
“tongue-in-and-out-of-cheek-at-the-same-time.” Throughout this
potentially poignant, even potentially exacerbated post-Romantic tale
(think of Thomas Mann’s Death in Venice), light moments possess
a sort of ambiguous gravitas—and vice versa. Seemingly sincere
thoughts about “final things” lead to authorial ruminations reminding
us of the fiction informing them. Gailly’s writing is hardly
realistic, but his attentiveness to everyday objects and occurrences
is often touching. Above all, he likes to illustrate love as a not
entirely pleasant, not entirely unpleasant, phenomenon. Love is absurd,
but also perfectly matter-of-fact. The “last love” referred
to in the title turns out to be a rich, warmhearted woman from Nebraska
(of all places), whose elegant gray peignoir the composer mistakenly
picks up on the beach, thinking that it had been left behind by his
wife, earlier that morning, before she left the coast and returned to
Paris (thus avoiding him). Not long after meeting the Nebraskan woman,
Cédrat finally understands why his music was heckled in Zürich. Robust
defenders of avant-garde aesthetics will have to ponder more than once
the truths that Cédrat has grasped: as so often in Gailly, the only
certainties are relativity and ambivalence; and even those certainties
are relative and ambivalent. A final scene implicitly brings together
the Nebraskan woman, her husband, the dying (already dead or perhaps
miraculously revived) composer, as well as the composer’s wife, who has
unexpectedly returned from Paris. Yet we can only imagine this scene,
in which several different configurations of uneasy or—why not?—merry convivance might arise.
Probably only Delay could now concoct a transition enabling me to
spring across Andean valleys and a vast ocean and connect up her
fiction to that of Claude Louis-Combet (b. 1932), another important
French writer who remains unknown in the United States. He is a former
seminary student who lost his faith, became a philosophy teacher, a
translator (notably of Anaïs Nin, Erik Erikson, and Otto Rank), and
above all the author—to use his own words—of “fables, mythobiographies,
as well as phantasmatic and oneiric narratives.”
After Louis-Combet’s subterranean excavations, Christian Gailly’s latest novel, Dernier amour (2004), provides an hour of funny-sad entertainment. The melomaniac author of The Passion of Martin Fissel Brandt (published in 1998, translated in 2002) and An Evening at the Club (2002; an American version has been announced) recounts three days at
the end of an avantgarde composer’s life. At the onset the composer,
Paul Cédrat, is in Zürich, where he is attending the world premiere of
his third string quartet. The audience reacts violently to the music,
eventually booing the four young musicians into silence. Yet the
composer takes the humiliation in stride, goes backstage, encourages
the musicians to finish the concert with a Beethoven quartet, then
returns to his hotel and prepares for his flight the next morning back
to Paris. After the flight and a brief return to his apartment, he
takes a train to the Atlantic coast, where his wife’s family has long
possessed a villa. In the meantime we have learned that Cédrat has
asked his wife not to be present, either in Paris or at the seaside
villa, when he arrives, and that he is in the last stages of a terminal
disease. He is going to die alone, perhaps even commit suicide.
